Nikodem Poplawski is a theoretical physicist at Indiana University, most widely noted for the proposal that our Universe may be located within a black hole which itself exists in an even larger universe. Poplawski's theory presents an alternative to the popular theory that within black holes lie gravitational singularities and provides a theoretical explanation, based on spacetime torsion, for a cosmological scenario of fecund universes proposed earlier by Lee Smolin. I would like to hear your inputs:

 

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Our universe may exist inside a black hole. This may sound strange, but it could actually be the best explanation of how the universe began, and what we observe today. It's a theory that has been explored over the past few decades by a small group of physicists including myself. 

 

Successful as it is, there are notable unsolved questions with the standard big bang theory, which suggests that the universe began as a seemingly impossible "singularity," an infinitely small point containing an infinitely high concentration of matter, expanding in size to what we observe today. The theory of inflation, a super-fast expansion of space proposed in recent decades, fills in many important details, such as why slight lumps in the concentration of matter in the early universe coalesced into large celestial bodies such as galaxies and clusters of galaxies.

 

But these theories leave major questions unresolved. For example: What started the big bang? What caused inflation to end? What is the source of the mysterious dark energy that is apparently causing the universe to speed up its expansion?

 

The idea that our universe is entirely contained within a black hole provides answers to these problems and many more. It eliminates the notion of physically impossible singularities in our universe. And it draws upon two central theories in physics.

 

Nikodem Poplawski displays a "tornado in a tube." The top bottle symbolizes a black hole, the connected necks represent a wormhole and the lower bottle symbolizes the growing universe on the just-formed other side of the wormhole. Credit: Indiana UniversityThe first is general relativity, the modern theory of gravity. It describes the universe at the largest scales. Any event in the universe occurs as a point in space and time, or spacetime. A massive object such as the Sun distorts or "curves" spacetime, like a bowling ball sitting on a canvas. The Sun's gravitational dent alters the motion of Earth and the other planets orbiting it. The sun's pull of the planets appears to us as the force of gravity.

 

The second is quantum mechanics, which describes the universe at the smallest scales, such as the level of the atom. However, quantum mechanics and general relativity are currently separate theories; physicists have been striving to combine the two successfully into a single theory of "quantum gravity" to adequately describe important phenomena, including the behavior of subatomic particles in black holes.

 

A 1960s adaptation of general relativity, called the Einstein-Cartan-Sciama-Kibble theory of gravity, takes into account effects from quantum mechanics. It not only provides a step towards quantum gravity but also leads to an alternative picture of the universe. This variation of general relativity incorporates an important quantum property known as spin. Particles such as atoms and electrons possess spin, or the internal angular momentum that is analogous to a skater spinning on ice.

 

In this picture, spins in particles interact with spacetime and endow it with a property called "torsion." To understand torsion, imagine spacetime not as a two-dimensional canvas, but as a flexible, one-dimensional rod. Bending the rod corresponds to curving spacetime, and twisting the rod corresponds to spacetime torsion. If a rod is thin, you can bend it, but it's hard to see if it's twisted or not.

 

Spacetime torsion would only be significant, let alone noticeable, in the early universe or in black holes. In these extreme environments, spacetime torsion would manifest itself as a repulsive force that counters the attractive gravitational force coming from spacetime curvature. As in the standard version of general relativity, very massive stars end up collapsing into black holes: regions of space from which nothing, not even light, can escape.

 

Here is how torsion would play out in the beginning moments of our universe. Initially, the gravitational attraction from curved space would overcome torsion's repulsive forces, serving to collapse matter into smaller regions of space. But eventually torsion would become very strong and prevent matter from compressing into a point of infinite density; matter would reach a state of extremely large but finite density. As energy can be converted into mass, the immensely high gravitational energy in this extremely dense state would cause an intense production of particles, greatly increasing the mass inside the black hole.

 

The increasing numbers of particles with spin would result in higher levels of spacetime torsion. The repulsive torsion would stop the collapse and would create a "big bounce" like a compressed beach ball that snaps outward. The rapid recoil after such a big bounce could be what has led to our expanding universe. The result of this recoil matches observations of the universe's shape, geometry, and distribution of mass.

 

In turn, the torsion mechanism suggests an astonishing scenario: every black hole would produce a new, baby universe inside. If that is true, then the first matter in our universe came from somewhere else. So our own universe could be the interior of a black hole existing in another universe. Just as we cannot see what is going on inside black holes in the cosmos, any observers in the parent universe could not see what is going on in ours.

 

The motion of matter through the black hole's boundary, called an "event horizon," would only happen in one direction, providing a direction of time that we perceive as moving forward. The arrow of time in our universe would therefore be inherited, through torsion, from the parent universe.

 

Torsion could also explain the observed imbalance between matter and antimatter in the universe. Because of torsion, matter would decay into familiar electrons and quarks, and antimatter would decay into "dark matter," a mysterious invisible form of matter that appears to account for a majority of matter in the universe.

 

Finally, torsion could be the source of "dark energy," a mysterious form of energy that permeates all of space and increases the rate of expansion of the universe. Geometry with torsion naturally produces a "cosmological constant," a sort of added-on outward force which is the simplest way to explain dark energy. Thus, the observed accelerating expansion of the universe may end up being the strongest evidence for torsion.

 

Torsion therefore provides a theoretical foundation for a scenario in which the interior of every black hole becomes a new universe. It also appears as a remedy to several major problems of current theory of gravity and cosmology. Physicists still need to combine the Einstein-Cartan-Sciama-Kibble theory fully with quantum mechanics into a quantum theory of gravity. While resolving some major questions, it raises new ones of its own. For example, what do we know about the parent universe and the black hole inside which our own universe resides? How many layers of parent universes would we have? How can we test that our universe lives in a black hole?

 

The last question can potentially be investigated: since all stars and thus black holes rotate, our universe would have inherited the parent black hole’s axis of rotation as a "preferred direction." There is some recently reported evidence from surveys of over 15,000 galaxies that in one hemisphere of the universe more spiral galaxies are "left-handed", or rotating clockwise, while in the other hemisphere more are "right-handed", or rotating counterclockwise. In any case, I believe that including torsion in geometry of spacetime is a right step towards a successful theory of cosmology.

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I simply love this paper, Nikodem is a very interesting man! 

 

TLDR; 

 

Based on analysis of the Einstein-Cartan-Sciama-Kibble Theory of Gravity's explanation of torsion as a result of particle spin, Poplawski suggests that when matter density reaches more than about 1050 kilograms per cubic meter inside a black hole, torsion manifests itself as a force that counters gravity, and that, rather than forming a singularity, it quickly rebounds like a coiled spring to which pressure has been applied. Poplawski theorizes that this extraordinary level of torsion may account for what is observed as the current expansion of the spatially flat, homogeneous and isotropic universe, the prevailing explanation for which is known as cosmic inflation. The rotation of a black hole would influence the spacetime inside it, resulting in a "preferred direction" within our universe, and therefore, Poplawski suggests that observable anomalies in the rotation of spiral galaxies and violations of Lorentz symmetry might provide evidence for his theory. Neutrinos which have been observed oscillating from one type to another have been suggested as the occurrence of such a violation.

 

The theory further suggests that every black hole becomes a wormhole that contains a new, expanding universe which forms from the big bounce in the black hole. Black holes at the center of the Milky Way and other galaxies may thus be bridges to other universes. Accordingly, our own Universe may be the interior of a black hole existing inside another universe, as proposed earlier by Raj Pathria. 

 

Edited August 21, 201312 yr by blahs44

tl;dr

 

jk, I read most of it, and quite interesting. I take a lot of interest in space and the universe, even though it's extremely useless as we'll never accomplish much from it.

tl;dr

 

jk, I read most of it, and quite interesting. I take a lot of interest in space and the universe, even though it's extremely useless as we'll never accomplish much from it.

 

Glad to hear! I also just added a tl;dr!

I believe this journal should be re-worded. "Universe" refers to, basically, every bit of matter that exists. There cannot be "two universes." Good theory nonetheless.

I don't have enough knowledge about this subject yet to form a decent reply

 

However, I do think this post is very cool, and this subject is even cooler .

 

 

Interesting!!

I believe this journal should be re-worded. "Universe" refers to, basically, every bit of matter that exists. There cannot be "two universes." Good theory nonetheless.

 

You understand what he is saying though

 

'Every Black Hole Contains a New Observable Universe'

 

Happy?

 

Edit: There can in fact be more than one universe and it is a theory that a lot of scientists are studying. These different universes have, in theory different constants than ours. The idea is that there are a seemingly infinite number of universes with a seemingly infinite number of constants, so for example, our Gravitational Constant is 6.67384 × 10^-11 m3 kg^-1 s^-2, but it could be 5.67384 × 10^-11 m3 kg^-1 s^-2 in another universe.

Edited August 22, 201312 yr by blahs44

If the inhabitants of earth ever really want to keep on surviving after the sun burns out we would need to travel to another solar system if not another galaxy. thus only way of doing so in timely manner is to travel through black holes. although its my opinion that the "government" doesnt like the black hole subject because their is WAY too many variables connected to them which the average person thinks a variable is the unknown and "no one" likes the unknown.

If the inhabitants of earth ever really want to keep on surviving after the sun burns out we would need to travel to another solar system if not another galaxy. thus only way of doing so in timely manner is to travel through black holes. although its my opinion that the "government" doesnt like the black hole subject because their is WAY too many variables connected to them which the average person thinks a variable is the unknown and "no one" likes the unknown.

 

If the human race manages to survive to the end of the suns life (5ish billion years), I would like to think that we would be masters of spacetime at this point. Multiple theories of how to make interstellar travel possible are floating around. One of the most promising is wormholes. Wormholes are black holes that exist on a fold in spacetime, thus existing in 2 locations simultaneously. They are still theoretical at this point, but that does not mean that we won't find them if they do exist.

 

 

I believe this journal should be re-worded. "Universe" refers to, basically, every bit of matter that exists. There cannot be "two universes." Good theory nonetheless.

 

You understand what he is saying though

 

'Every Black Hole Contains a New Observable Universe'

 

Happy?

 

Edit: There can in fact be more than one universe and it is a theory that a lot of scientists are studying. These different universes have, in theory different constants than ours. The idea is that there are a seemingly infinite number of universes with a seemingly infinite number of constants, so for example, our Gravitational Constant is 6.67384 × 10^-11 m3 kg^-1 s^-2, but it could be 5.67384 × 10^-11 m3 kg^-1 s^-2 in another universe.

 

 

You are correct. A multiverse is the most logical and plausible theory. However, finding a way to prove these parallel universes exist will be the real challenge.  Many physicists will deny this theory, due to it being so hard to prove. Recently we saw some evidence pointing towards to multiverse theory. The microwave radiation left from the big bang was thought to be evenly distributed throughout the universe, but recent information from the Planck space observatory showed that our universe actually has a higher concentration of said microwave radiation in the southern half of the universe, which cannot be explained. Another interesting find was the "cold spot" which was also located in the south. These strange anomalies definitely hint at a very strong gravitational pull from OUTSIDE of our known universe. 

 

I do believe Laura Mersini-Houghton and Richard Holson, both predicted effects on the cosmic microwave background would be caused by the gravitational pull of another universe, back in 2006 (or 2005, I cannot remember).

 

As for the theory stated in the original post, I find it very interesting. Will be exciting to see what more we can uncover about this.

Interesting Topic

 

yea the universe is basically everything, but its make sense if what we know as everything, isn't everything behind a black hole, lol

Honestly there was alot of big words and things I didn't understand in there to much for me to Google it all lol. I do understand the concept though, it's pretty interesting. I don't see why it couldn't be possible. These types of things are so crazy to think about. 

reserved, right now it's tl;dr for me cuz im tired

very interesting 

Mindfuck!

tl;dr too is too long. *jk

 

But it's very interesting that the universe is so big. What lies beyond will never be found by a the humans.